Taxes Information

What Is Tax Law?


The federal tax code is complex. This complexity generally arises from two factors: the use of the tax code for purposes other than raising revenue, and the feedback process of amending the code.

While its main intent is to provide revenue for the federal government, the tax code is frequently used to direct the behavior of businesses and individuals in an attempt to achieve social, economic, and political goals.

For example, the tax law provides a deduction for mortgage interest in order to encourage home ownership. A theoretically pure income tax would not allow this deduction, which is not an expense incurred for the production of income. The allowance of the mortgage interest deduction is seen by some as discrimination against taxpayers who rent, rather than own, their home: the payment of rent for one's home is not deductible. Of course in theory, landlords generate tax savings on their mortgage interest payments, and pass these savings on to renters.

Because the government uses the tax code as an instrument of social policy, the code as a whole appears to lack a coherent organizing principle. This lack of a coherent organizing principle has become magnified over time, due to the interplay between successive legislative amendments and regulatory changes to the law and the private sector responses to those amendments and changes. For instance, suppose that Congress enacts a tax credit to encourage a particular type of activity. In response, a group of taxpayers who are not the intended beneficiaries of the credit re-order their affairs, or the superficial aspects of their affairs, to qualify for the credit.

Congress responds by amending the code to add restrictions and target the credit more effectively. Certain taxpayers manage to use this change to claim additional benefits, so Congress acts again, and so on. The result is a feedback loop of enactment and response, which, over an extended period of time, produces significant complexity.

In general, the U.S. income tax is highly progressive, at least with respect to individuals that earn wage income. As of 2001, the top 1 percent of individual taxpayers paid approximately 23 percent of all federal taxes. The top 5 percent paid approximately 39 percent, and the top 10 percent paid 50 percent of all federal taxes. The bottom 20 percent of taxpayers paid a little over 1 percent of all federal taxes.

Moreover, the progressivity of the U.S. tax system has gradually increased over recent decades. The top 20 percent of taxpayers paid approximately 56 percent of all taxes in 1980, and this figure gradually has risen to 65 percent, as of 2001. In recent years, however, a reduction in the tax rates applicable to capital gains has significantly reduced the income tax burden on non-wage income. In this regard, the general structure of the U.S. tax system has begun to resemble a partial consumption-tax regime.

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MORE RESOURCES:

Kansas City Star

Tax Cuts: Dilemma for Democrats, Investors
Wall Street Journal (blog)
As the Obama administration weighs new business-tax cuts to help the economy, some analysts say businesses and investors should be on ...
Should all the Bush tax cuts be extended?Christian Science Monitor
Will Congress let the Bush tax cuts expire?MLive.com
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Reuters

Put the millionaires' tax money to good use
Washington Post
As it happens, there's one close at hand: the expiration of the "Bush" tax cuts at the end of the year. In this instance, the politics of obstructionism ...
Stimulus? Who Said Anything About a Stimulus?FOXNews (blog)
“We Have Seen What the Edge of a Cliff Looks Like and It Was Frightening”: An ...ABC News (blog)
Democratic Salvage PlanWall Street Journal
TIME (blog) -FrumForum -The Associated Press
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GPB

Barnes says Deal's release of tax returns gives incomplete picture
Atlanta Journal Constitution
Deal posted 29 years of partial tax returns on his website after Barnes had posted his full returns in May on his site. Barnes, who is trying to regain the ...
What do Nathan Deal's tax returns say about the man?Atlanta Journal Constitution (blog)

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Mass. tax revenues in August below expectations
BusinessWeek
Massachusetts has collected $89 million more in taxes during August compared with the same month last year, but that still fell $70 Million below the ...

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New York Daily News

NY appeals court halts Indian cigarette tax plan
The Associated Press
CATTARAUGUS INDIAN RESERVATION, NY — The latest in a tangled series of state and federal court decisions has halted New York state's plan to collect taxes ...
City & Region State relents after ruling on cigarette taxBuffalo News
NYACS Calls for Suspension of NY Cigarette Tax HikeCSP Daily News
Appellate court halts tribal tax collectionsAlbany Times Union (blog)
Atlanta Journal Constitution -WKBW-TV -Long Island Press
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NC governor seeks options for deep budget cuts
BusinessWeek
With the sales tax and other temporary taxes about to end, the loss of federal stimulus funds and the continuing weak state economy, the Legislature might ...

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India May Raise More Tax Revenue as Growth Quickens, Mitra Says
BusinessWeek
3 (Bloomberg) -- India's tax revenue may exceed the target this year if current collection trends continue, helping cut government borrowings, ...

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Boston Herald (blog)

Massachusetts Candidates Nabbed for Not Paying Taxes on Campaign Accounts
Associated Content
Governor Deval Patrick dawdles over a definite commitment to assure the Commonwealth that he will carry out a tax rollback if it is the Massachusetts ...
State House Roundup: The Power LinesWBUR
Baker and Cahill launch ads in Mass. gov's raceWLNE-TV (ABC6)
Tim Cahill not alone in tripping up campaign taxes, calls out Governor Patrick ...MassLive.com

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CBC.ca

HST Taxes Summer Fun This Long Weekend
NorthumberlandView.ca
Queen's Park – Dalton McGuinty's Harmonized Sales Tax (HST) makes long weekends more expensive for families, says NDP MPP Howard Hampton. ...
What's Wrong with the NDP's Anti-HST CampaignSocialist Project

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